Barley

Mealworm Frass (Tenebrio molitor L.):

  • Increased barley biomass to the same extent as mineral fertilizers.

  • Efficiently supplied N, P, and K, sustaining biomass production similarly to NPK fertilizer.

  • Demonstrated potential as a partial or complete substitute for mineral NPK fertilizer.

  • Increased microbial metabolic activity and diversity in soil.

Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Frass:

  • Increased shoot dry weight and foliage NPK and SPAD (chlorophyll density) levels when basal nutrients were low.

  • Optimal application rate was 7.8 g per pot.

  • Frass extracts (from Gainesville diet or sheep whey+seeds) increased root dry weight and chlorophyll content.

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